Infection, Risk Factors, and the Role of Mindfulness

Simple Article Review
My Health

Third Edition

Chapter 12

Infectious Conditions

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Infection, Risk Factors, and the Role of Mindfulness:

Most diseases are multifactorial, caused by interaction of several factors inside and outside a person.

The Bodys Defenses against Disease Causing Pathogens

Discuss each of the body’s defenses against pathogens as illustrated in Figure 12.1. Have students give some examples of direct contact transmission and indirect contact transmission of pathogens.

The Process of Infection (1 of 2)

Preventing pathogens from entering the body

Direct contact or indirect contact

Autoinoculation

Zoonotic diseases

Risk factors you can control include controlling stress, getting good nutrition, adequate sleep, avoiding drug use, practicing good hygiene, and reducing high-risk behaviors.

The Process of Infection (2 of 2)

Risk factors you typically cannot control include:

Heredity

Aging

Comorbidities

Opportunistic infections

Environmental conditions

Organism virulence and resistance

Drug resistance

Your Immune System:

Immunity is a condition of being able to resist a particular disease by counteracting the substance that produces the disease.

Your Immune System

How the immune system works

When an antigen breaches the bodys initial defenses, the body responds by forming antibodies matched to that specific antigen.

Humoral immunity is the bodys major defense against many bacteria and toxins they produce.

In cell-mediated immunity, lymphocytes attach and destroy the foreign invader.

The Cell-Mediated Immune Response

How does exercise contribute to reducing your risk of infectious disease?

How the Immune System Works (1 of 2)

When the immune system misfires: Autoimmune diseases

Inflammatory response, pain, and fever indicate that the invading organisms are being fought systematically.

How the Immune System Works (2 of 2)

Vaccines: Bolstering your immunity

The principle of vaccination is based on killed or weakened versions of a disease-causing microorganism or an antigen similar to but less dangerous than the disease antigen.

Artificially acquired active immunity

Naturally acquired active immunity

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Key Bacterial Infections: Staph, Strep, Meningitis, Pneumonia, T B, and Tick-borne Diseases:

Bacteria are simple, single-celled microscopic organisms. Although there are several thousand known species of bacteria, just over 100 lead to disease in humans.

Bacterial Infections

Staphylococcal infections

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (M R S A)

Streptococcal infections

Group A streptococci cause the most common diseases

Group B streptococci

Meningitis (pneumococcal and meningococcal)

Pneumonia

Tuberculosis (T B)

Tick-borne bacterial diseases

Lyme disease

Ehrlichiosis

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Typhus

What are some tips to avoid insect-borne diseases?

Viral Infections: Mono, Hepatitis, Herpes, Mumps, Measles, and Rubella:

Viruses are the smallest known pathogens, approximately

size of bacteria. To reproduce, viruses must invade and inject their own D N A and R N A into a host cell, take it over, and force it to make copies of itself.

Viral Infections

Infectious mononucleosis

Hepatitis A, B, and C

Herpes viruses

Chickenpox

Shingles

Herpes gladitorium

Mumps

Measles and rubella

Is It a Cold or the Flu? (1 of 2)

The common cold

Influenza

Flu vaccine

Symptoms Cold Flu
Fever Rare Usual; high (100102°Farenheit, occasionally higher, especially in children); lasts 34 days
Headache Rare Common
General aches and pains Slight Usual; often severe
Fatigue, weakness Sometimes Usual; can last up to 23 weeks
Extreme exhaustion Never Usual; at the beginning of the illness
Stuffy nose Common Sometimes
Sneezing Usual Sometimes
Sore throat Common Sometimes
Chest discomfort, cough Common; mild to moderate, hacking cough Common; can become severe
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Is It a Cold or the Flu? (2 of 2)

Blank Cold Flu
Treatment Antihistamines, decongestants, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines Antiviral medicinessee your doctor
Prevention Wash your hands often with soap and water; avoid close contact with anyone with a cold Annual vaccination; antiviral medicinessee your doctor
Complications Sinus congestion, middle ear infection, asthma Bronchitis, pneumonia; can worsen chronic conditions; can be life threatening
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Other Pathogens:

Bacteria and viruses account for many common diseases, but other organisms such as fungi, protozoans, parasitic worms, and prions can infect a host.

Other Pathogens

Fungi are multicellular or unicellular organisms that obtain food by infiltrating the body of other organisms, both living and dead.

Candidiasis, ringworm, jock itch, and toenail fungus

Coccidiodomycosis

Protozoans are single-celled organisms that are more prevalent in nonindustrialized countries.

Trichomoniasis

Giardiasis

Parasitic worms are the largest of the pathogens.

Prions are self-replicating protein-based agents that can infect humans and animals.

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

What are some steps that will help prevent worm infestations?

Emerging Diseases:

Rates of infectious diseases have rapidly increased over the past decade, owing to a combination of overpopulation, inadequate health care, increasing poverty, environmental degradation, and drug resistance.

Emerging Diseases

West Nile virus

Avian (bird) flu

Escherichia coli

Ebola virus disease (E V D)

Malaria

How do you think environmental degradation might contribute to outbreaks of Ebola virus disease?

Antibiotic Resistance:

Bacteria and other microorganisms that cause infections and disease can evolve rapidly, developing ways to survive drugs that had once been able to kill or weaken them.

Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance on the rise:

Improper use of antibiotics and growth of superbugs

Overuse of antibiotics in food production

Misuse and overuse of antibacterial soaps and other cleaning products

What can you do?

Get regular vaccinations.

Be responsible with medications.

Use regular soap to wash hands.

Avoid food treated with antibiotics.

Sexually Transmitted Infections:

There are more than 20 known types of sexually transmitted infections (S T I s).

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Whats your risk?

Moral and social stigmas

Casual attitudes about sex

Ignorance

Routes of transmission

Vaginal intercourse

Oral-genital contact

Hand-genital contact

Mouth-to-mouth contact

Contact with fluids from body sores

Where to go for help

Student health service or public health department

Continuum of Risk for Various Sexual Behaviors

What are some of the routes of transmission for STIs?

How to Reduce Your Risk?

Avoid casual partners; sexually active adults should practice safer sex.

Always use condoms or dental dams.

Postpone sexual involvement until you are assured your partner is not infected; get tested.

Avoid injury to body tissue during sexual activity.

Avoid unprotected oral, anal, or vaginal sexual activity.

Avoid using drugs and alcohol.

Wash your hands before and after sexual encounters.

Total abstinence is the only absolute way to prevent transmission of S T I s.

Think about situations ahead of time to avoid risky behaviors.

Have yourself tested; don’t risk infecting others.

If you contract an S T I, ask your health care provider for advice on notifying past or potential partners.

Sexually Transmitted Infections: H I V/AIDS

Since 1981, approximately 75 million people worldwide have become infected with human immunodeficiency virus (H I V), the virus that causes AIDS.

How H I V is Transmitted?

High-risk behaviors include exchange of body fluids during vaginal or anal intercourse, or injecting drugs with contaminated needles.

Mother-to-child (perinatal) transmission can occur during pregnancy, labor and delivery, or breast-feeding.

Body piercing and tattooing can be done safely, but dangerous pathogens can be transmitted with any puncture of the skin. Unsterile needles can transmit staph, H I V, hepatitis B and C, tetanus, and other diseases.

Sexually Transmitted Infections: H I V

Symptoms of H I V/AIDS

Vary greatly from person to person.

For adults without medical treatment, it takes an average of 8 to 10 years to cause changes in the immune system characteristic of AIDS.

Testing for H I V antibodies

It takes 3 to 6 months after infection for antibodies to develop to show a positive test.

Retest within 6 months.

Treatments and prevention

Antiretroviral therapy

A Z T, d d l, d d C, and d4T3T C

No current vaccine

Reduce risk through choices in sexual behavior and drug use

Abstinence

Sexually Transmitted Infections: Chlamydia and Gonorrhea

Two of the most common S T I s are chlamydia and gonorrhea.

What are some of the serious complications of STIs in both men and women? Is it possible to have more than one STI at a time?

Chlamydia

Signs and symptoms

Some present no symptoms.

Painful and difficult urination, frequent urination, discharge from penis in men

Yellowish discharge, spotting between periods and after intercourse in women

Complications

Diagnosis and treatment

Urine sample or fluid from the vagina or penis

Treatable with antibiotics

Gonorrhea

Signs and symptoms

In men, white milky discharge from penis with painful burning urination 2 to 9 days after contact.

Most women do not experience symptoms.

Complications

Diagnosis and treatment

Sample of urine or fluid from vagina or penis

Treatable with antibiotics if detected early

Complications of S T I s:

Pelvic inflammatory disease (P I D) is a catchall term for a number of infections of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries that are complications resulting from untreated S T I s.

Epididymitis is a swelling of the epididymis most common among men aged 19 to 35, most commonly caused by untreated S T I s.

Sexually Transmitted Infections: Syphilis

The incidence of syphilis is highest in adults aged 20 to 39.

Signs and Symptoms of Syphilis

Primary syphilis

Often characterized by development of a chancre at infection site, appearing 34 weeks after initial infection.

Secondary syphilis

Includes skin rash, with patches on the skin or mucous membranes, enlarged lymph nodes, and fever/headache, appearing 1 month to 1 year after the chancre disappears.

Latent syphilis

Causes lesions in body organs.

Tertiary/late syphilis

Symptoms include heart and central nervous system damage, blindness, deafness, premature senility, and dementia.

Sexually Transmitted Infections: Syphilis

Complications

Premature births, miscarriage, stillbirth; blindness, deafness, disfigurement to an unborn child, developmental delays, seizures, and other health problems

Diagnosis and treatment

Sample from a chancre in primary stage

Blood test

Treatment with antibiotics in all stages except late stage

Sexually Transmitted Infections:

The herpes family of diseases is not transmitted exclusively by sexual contact; kissing or sharing eating utensils can also transmit the infection.

Sexually Transmitted Infections: Herpes

Signs and symptoms

Precursor phase includes a burning sensation and redness at the site of infection.

Second phase includes fluid-filled blister.

Complications

Pregnant women can infect a baby as it passes through the vagina during birth.

Women with herpes have a greater risk of cervical cancer.

Diagnosis and treatment

Blood test or sample from sore

There is no cure for herpes but medications can help keep the disease from spreading.

Sexually Transmitted Infections: Human Papillomavirus

Genital warts are caused by a group of viruses known as human papillomavirus (H P V). There are over 100 different types of H P V.

Sexually Transmitted Infections: Human Papillomavirus

Signs and symptoms

Incubation period is 68 weeks.

Genital warts or bumps or growths on the genitals

Complications

Some high-risk H P V infections may lead to cervical cancer.

Threat to fetus during birth

Diagnosis through visual examination

H P V vaccines

Other Sexually Transmitted Infections

Candidiasis or yeast infection is characterized by itching and burning, with a white discharge. Antifungal drugs are used for treatment.

Trichomoniasis is characterized by a yellowish, unpleasant-smelling discharge, with burning and itching. Only about one-third who contract it have symptoms. Treatment includes oral metronidazole.

Pubic lice symptoms include itchiness and bluish-gray skin color. Diagnosis involves examination by a health care provider. Treatment includes washing of clothing, furniture, and linens that may harbor the eggs.

How are trichomoniasis and pubic lice contracted?

1/500

O157:H7

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Infection, Risk Factors, and the Role of Mindfulness

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